↑ Thévenot (1687) p. 259 Other highly detailed accounts on methods are: 1. Extremely detailed description of the execution of Archbishop Serapheim in 1601. Vaporis (2000), pp. 101–102 2. Jean Coppin's account from 1640s Cairo, very similar to Thévenot's, Raymond (2000), p. 240 3. Stavorinus (1798) p. 288–291 4. von Taube (1777) footnote ** p. 70–71 5. The regrettably highly partisan "Aiolos (2004)"Lưu trữ 2015-01-13 tại Wayback Machine, notes on methods partly from Guer, see Guer (1747),p. 162 6. d'Arvieux (1755), p. 230–31 7. Recollection 20 years after second-hand narration, Massett (1863), p. 88–89 8. Ivo Andric's novel "The Bridge on the Drina", follows Serapheim execution (1.) closely. Excerpt: The Bridge on the Drina 9. A literary rendition in The Casket, from 1827, Purser (1827), p. 337 10. Koller (2004), p. 145–46
↑ 2 died during impalement process, Blount (1636), p. 529 minutes, 1773 case, Hungary: Korabinsky (1786) p. 139
↑ For following the spine: von Taube (1777), footnote ** p. 70–71, Stavorinus (1798)p. 288–291 Another description, using a 15 cm thick stake, let it pass between the liver and the rib cage, Koller (2004), p. 145
↑ von Meyer von Knonau (1855)p. 176, column 2, Example of thrusting a roasting spit through the stomach on orders of 16th Central Asian ruler Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat upon his own nephew, Elias, Ross (1898), p. 227
↑ For extra-cardial chest impalement Döpler (1697) p. 371
↑ A possible case of 16th-century dorsal-to-front impalement is given by di Varthema (1863) p. 147 See also wood block print in Dracula subsection. In addition, the alleged "bamboo torture" seems to presume a dorsal-to-front impalement, see specific sub-section
↑ Wagner (1687), p. 55NOTE: The German word "Pfahl" (with the associated verb "zu pfählen") refers to a wooden stake, and it is the word used in influential law texts like the 1532 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina, so the reader should not assume that the use of a heated metal rod was standard procedure. In the 1532 law text, see Koch (1824) p. 63
↑ de Tournefort (1741) p. 98–100 A detailed description of the apparatus and procedure of gaunching can be found in Mundy (1907), pp. 55–56 and in Moryson, Hadfield (2001), pp. 170–171
↑ Thévenot (1687)p. 68–69. For a fourth description plus drawing, see Schweigger (1613), p. 173 Schweigger adds that many times, people are allowed to shorten the gaunched individual's time of misery by cutting his throat or decapitating him. Alexander Russell, from 1740s Aleppo knew of instances of "gaunching", but said those were rare, compared with other types of capital punishment.Russell (1794)p. 334
